H G Wells' novel The War of the Worlds 

it was broadcast on radio, and it made the listeners think there was an actual alien invasion, creating panic and mass hysteria across America.

The hypodermic needle model

This theory states that people listen/watch/read media texts and believe every part of every media message they are told. they consume it like a drug strait to the brain. It is the effect of brainwashing someone. If the Hypodermic Needle model is to be believed, then the audience is passive.

Uses and gratifications

 Jay Bulmer and Elihu Katz developed an audience theory that allows us to see what people do with their media rather then what the media does to them.

• Entertainment - diversion or escape from day-to-day routines.
• relationships - where they use to test to form relationships with others, e.g..e. online communities, discussion with friends.
• information - learning about the world, learning new things.
• Identify - where the text helps you to identify with something and to reinforce your own values.

Remember text can be any type of media, such as a book, image, film, audio or a video.